One of the most known ancient civilizations, and probably the oldest one, were the Sumerians, who are considered the cradle of the cultures of the Middle East and Europe. Their civilization flourished between 4100 and 1750 BCE in southern Mesopotamia and they were the first Mesopotamian civilization who lived in independent walled city-states. They led a sedentary lifestyle and dealt mainly with breeding, agriculture and crafts.
The beliefs of the Sumerians were polytheistic, based on the worship of natural forces and astral bodies. The most important gods in their religion were: Nammu (god of water), An (heaven), Ki (earth) and Ninlil (ruler of air).
The Sumerians, thanks to their extraordinary wealth and ingenuity, created many inventions that changed the world. They created first wheel (thanks to which they obtained a means of transport), writing (cuneiform writing) and numerous achievements in construction (eg. bricks production). They also found a way to measure time (passage of weeks, months and years), created a clock and first catalogs of stars and planets, and so much more.
Due to the above-mentioned and many other inventions, we can certainly see the greatness of their civilization. In conclusion, the Sumerians created the absolute foundations of our civilization and even though it’s hard to imagine without their inventions we wouldn’t have been able to become as developed as we are.
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